Integrated system for bitumen partial upgrading

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to decreasing the amount of diluent needed to convert a heavy oil to a bitumen product that can be transported by pipeline. More specifically, the invention relates to a method and apparatus for partially upgrading heavy oil into a lower viscosity bitumen product.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a continuation application of pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/974,933 filed Dec. 18, 2015, and entitled ANINTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR BITUMEN PARTIAL UPGRADING.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to decreasing the amount of diluent neededto convert a heavy oil to a bitumen product that can be transported bypipeline. More specifically, the invention relates to a method andapparatus for partially upgrading heavy oil into a lower viscositybitumen product. The invention provides a method to produce superheatedsteam at 1000-2200° C. at high velocity and use it to entrain andatomize heavy oil, where the high temperatures initiate oil upgradingreactions that crack heavier hydrocarbons to lighter ones reducing theamount of diluent needed to transport the oil in a pipeline andincreasing its value.

Description of Related Art

Canadian oil sands bitumen produced with the Steam Assisted GravityDrainage (SAGD) method is a heavy high viscosity product. The heavy oilis typically blended with a diluent at the production site to reduce itsviscosity and make it amenable to pipeline transport. Diluent can befrom naphtha, natural gas liquids (NGL) or upgraded bitumen (synbit).Naphtha and NGL are the preferred options because it takes lower amountsof these diluents (about 30%) than synbit (about 50%). However, thisneed for diluent adds a $10-15/bbl cost for the bitumen producer.

Heavy oil, also referred to as bitumen, typically has an AmericanPetroleum Institute (API) gravity in the range of 8°-12°, and isimmobile at ambient temperatures. This bitumen is produced from oilformations by two methods a) surface mining and b) in-situ thermalproduction (i.e., SAGD). The produced oil is either upgraded to abottomless synthetic crude oil (SCO) or blended with light diluent fortransport in conventional pipelines. Most heavy oil upgrading processesaim to upgrade the oil to a final sellable product and are very capitalintensive. The process for upgrading bitumen typically includes carbonrejection technologies such as coking or visbraking followed byhydrotreating of the cracked product to convert unsaturated hydrocarbonsto saturated ones. Many variations of this basic process design havebeen proposed. Fluid coking, flexicoking and hydrocracking have alsobeen proposed for upgrading projects.

Upgrading is usually associated with mined bitumen projects in Canadiantar-sands oil recovery. SAGD bitumen which is lighter is typically notfield upgraded but is instead blended with a light diluent for pipelinetransport to refineries for processing. The blended bitumen and diluentoil is referred as dilbit. Dilbit needs to have a viscosity of 350 cStand a density of 940 kg/m³ to meet typical pipeline transportrequirements. The diluent presents an operating cost to the SAGDproducers as its value is not recovered completely. Partial upgradingreduces bitumen viscosity and density to meet pipeline specificationthus reducing or eliminating the need for diluent which will reduceoperating cost and increase pipeline capacity. This type of upgradingfor diluent reduction minimizes carbon rejection and gas formationaiming instead to preserve the oil volume. In the literature the terms“upgrading” and “partial upgrading” are used interchangeably but asutilized herein, the term “partial upgrading” is employed to describeprocesses that do not include significant carbon rejection in the formof coke but aim instead to reduce the diluent needed for transportingbitumen to market.

Several partial upgrading for diluent reduction technologies have beenproposed in the literature. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 6,852,215 B2 toWen et al describes a partial upgrading process where the heavy oil iscontacted by a hot syngas consisting primarily of H₂, CO and N₂. Thesyngas is produced preferably by the partial oxidation of natural gasand air but other fuels can be used as well. The syngas temperature is650-1650° C. The heat from the syngas production is used to vaporize aportion of the heavy oil which allows upgrading reactions to proceed.The hydrogen in the syngas reacts with upgraded oil to minimizeformation of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Further evaporation of unupgradedoil quenches the upgrading reactions and prevents generation of unwantedwaste materials.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,989,091 B2 to Jorgensen describes an upgrading processwhere a heavy oil, preheated to just below the temperature whereupgrading reactions start, is contacted with a hot gas jet to initiateupgrading reactions and the resulting load is injected into anon-catalytic reactor that is at a higher temperature (430-480° C.) thanthe initial oil temperature. The gas is preferably steam at atemperature of 600 to 800° C.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,947,165 B2 to Berkowitz et al discloses the use ofsupercritical water as a means to upgrade heavy oil. The processrequires very high pressures (34-135 bar) at operating temperatures of250-450° C. It also describes residence times up to 1 minute. Theseconditions lead to decreases in saturated hydrocarbon content andincreases in aromatic content which degrade the quality and value of theoil.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,229,483 B2 to Lewis describes a gasification methodbased on an ultra-superheated steam. The formation of superheated steamis accomplished with a burner operating with a fuel like natural gas anda mixture of steam and oxygen. The stoichiometric ratio of fuel tooxygen is near the required ratio for complete combustion of fuel andoxygen to carbon dioxide and water. The mixture of steam and oxygen isreferred to as artificial air as it has an oxygen concentration similarto that of atmospheric air. This method has some drawbacks as the needto premix and preheat oxygen and steam and the low oxygen concentrationin steam which increases the length and dimensions of the combustionchamber compared to oxyfuel combustion.

In addition, certain type of thermal nozzles, have been described in therelated art, primarily directed to combustion applications rather thanoil upgrading. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,024 to Andersondescribed a method for providing an oxidant employing a thermal nozzleto convert thermal energy to kinetic energy. The method describes theproduction of a high velocity and high temperature oxygen stream thatcan be used to supply an oxidant to a combustion zone. The methodapplies to combustion applications.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,450,108 B1 to Bool III, et al describes a device that isemployed to combust a difficult to combust liquid by using the highvelocity oxidant jet to atomize the liquid and improve the contact ofthe fuel contained in the liquid and oxygen to provide a hightemperature environment that ignites and sustains combustion of theliquid.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,565,010 B2 to Anderson et al describes an efficientliquid atomizer using a hot gas accelerated to high velocity. Theparticular invention demonstrates how by using this atomizer very smalldroplets can be produced even with very viscous fluids.

The related art discussed above does not address the need to decreasethe amount of diluent required to convert heavy oil, such as SAGDbitumen, to a product that can be transported by pipeline. An object ofthe current invention is to minimize the diluent usage and production oflow value by-products such as gas and coke. Another object of theinvention is to provide a thermally integrated method and apparatus forpartially upgrading a heavy oil in the form of a hydrocarbon emulsion ordilbit where superheated steam at 1000-2000° C. and high velocity isutilized to entrain and atomize the heavy oil.

One of the advantages associated with the present invention is the hightemperature initiates oil upgrading reactions by cracking heavierhydrocarbons to lighter ones.

Other objects and aspects of the present invention will become apparentto one of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the specification,drawings and claims appended hereto.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one aspect of the invention, an integrated system forpartially upgrading a hydrocarbon containing heavy oil into ahydrocarbon product is provided. The system includes: (a) an oxyfuelcombustion process carried out in a thermal nozzle producing a hot gasthat atomizes a hydrocarbon containing heavy oil and induces upgradingreactions to produce a reactor effluent containing a partially upgradedoil; (b) cooling the reactor effluent; and (c) separating the reactoreffluent into a substantially water free partially upgraded hydrocarbonoil product, a water liquid fraction and a gas fraction.

In another aspect of the invention, an integrated system for partiallyupgrading a hydrocarbon containing heavy oil into a hydrocarbon productis provided. The system includes: (a) a reactor with a thermal nozzleoperating an oxyfuel combustion process producing a hot gas thatatomizes a hydrocarbon containing heavy oil and induces upgradingreactions to produce a reactor effluent containing a partially upgradedoil; (b) a heat recovery/process boiler for receiving and cooling thepartially upgraded reactor effluent producing steam; (c) a flash drumfor receiving and separating the reactor effluent into a lighterhydrocarbon and cracked combustion gases portion which is removedoverhead from the top of the flash drum, and a flash drum bottom portionof heavier oil hydrocarbons; (d) at least one heat exchanger to cool theproduct from the top portion of the flush drum; (e) a treater to receivethe cooled flash drum portion and separate it into a gas fraction, awater fraction and a light hydrocarbon liquid fraction and (f) combiningthe flash drum bottom portion from step (c) with the light hydrocarbonliquid fraction from step (e) to form a partially upgraded oil product.

In yet another aspect of the invention, an integrated system forpartially upgrading a hydrocarbon containing heavy oil into ahydrocarbon product is provided. The system includes: (a) a free waterknock out drum receiving a hydrocarbon containing heavy oil and removingsubstantially all the freely associated water therefrom; (b) one or moreoil treaters receiving the effluent from the free water knock out drumwherein the remainder of the water is removed; (c) a reactor with athermal nozzle operating an oxyfuel combustion process for receiving andatomizing the hydrocarbon effluent from the oil treater into a partiallyupgraded reactor effluent; (d) a process boiler for receiving andcooling the partially upgraded reactor effluent; (e) a flash drum forreceiving the partially upgraded reactor effluent from step (d) andseparating the partially upgraded reactor effluent into a lighterhydrocarbon and cracked combustion gases which are removed overhead froma top portion of the flash drum, and a flash drum bottom portion of apartially upgraded hydrocarbon; and (f) combining the flash drum bottomportion from step (c) with the light hydrocarbon liquid fraction fromstep (e) to form a partially upgraded oil product.

In a further embodiment of the invention, an integrated system forpartially upgrading dilbit is provided. The system includes: (a) heatingdilbit to about 200 C to evaporate diluent and produce a partiallyevaporated dilbit stream (b) a first flash drum to separate thepartially evaporated dilbit stream into a light hydrocarbon diluentfraction that is removed from the top and a heavy hydrocarbon fractionthat is removed from the bottom (c) a reactor with a thermal nozzleoperating an oxyfuel combustion process for receiving and atomizing thehydrocarbon effluent from the flash drum bottom into a partiallyupgraded reactor effluent; (d) a process boiler for receiving andcooling the partially upgraded reactor effluent; (e) a second flash drumfor receiving the partially upgraded reactor effluent from step (d) andseparating the partially upgraded reactor effluent into a lighterhydrocarbon and cracked combustion gases which are removed overhead froma top portion of the flash drum, and a flash drum bottom portion of apartially upgraded hydrocarbon; (f) at least one heat exchanger to coolthe product from the top portion of the second flush drum; (g) a treaterto receive the cooled flash drum portion and separate it into a gasfraction, a water fraction and a light hydrocarbon liquid fraction and(h) combining the flash drum bottom portion from step (e) with the lighthydrocarbon liquid fraction from step (g) to form a partially upgradedoil product.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The objects and advantages of the invention will be better understoodfrom the following detailed description of the preferred embodimentsthereof in connection with the accompanying figures wherein like numbersdenote same features throughout and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of an integrated apparatus forpartially upgrading a heavy oil, such as bitumen;

FIGS. 2 and 2A is a schematic illustrating the reactor portion of theintegrated system and a detailed illustration of the reactor in theintegrated apparatus;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a thermal nozzle employed in thereaction portion to carry out the oxyfuel combustion process;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of another exemplary embodiment ofthe thermal nozzle that may be employed in the integrated system of thepresent invention; and

FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of yet another exemplary embodimentof a thermal nozzle having a different configuration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an integrated process and apparatus forpartially upgrading (i.e., lowering the viscosity) of a heavy oilrecovered from tar sands, while reducing the amount of diluentnecessary. The heavy oil, as utilized herein, is a bitumen product, andit is supplied to the integrated apparatus for processing heavy oilcontaining either small amounts of water and diluent or as a dilbit.Dilbit as referred to herein has a composition by volume of about 50-70%bitumen and 50-30% diluent.

Heavy oils such as the Canadian oil sands/bitumen are immobile in theirnatural state. In a steam assisted gravity draining (SAGD) process, orthe like, the oil containing formation is heated by pumping steam to theformation to heat the oil and its viscosity is reduced. The oil can berecovered from a well that is positioned below the steam well or fromthe same well that supplies the steam by alternating steam supply withoil production (i.e., method known as “huff and puff”). The oil comesback to the surface as an emulsion with water. Typically a 3/1 water tooil ratio can on average be expected in the emulsion. The hot emulsionfrom the well-pads produced from the SAGD process consists of twophases: vapor, and an oil-water emulsion. This needs to be separatedinto a gas phase for recovery, an oil phase for transport, and a waterphase for treatment. Therefore, the SAGD oil recovery process includesthe following basic steps:

-   -   the bitumen emulsion undergoes a water separation process to        meet the pipeline specification of 0.5% basic sediments and        water;    -   the separated produced water is de-oiled and then treated to        remove scaling minerals and dissolved oxygen that will allow for        its reuse in steam generation; and    -   the gas that is separated from the emulsion at the well-pads and        at the plant that is compressed and sent for sulfur recovery        and, in some cases, is also used as a supplemental fuel source        for the steam generators.

With reference to FIG. 1, an exemplary embodiment of an integratedapparatus (10) for partially upgrading (i.e., lower viscosity) of aheavy oil, such as bitumen, is presented. The emulsion from the wellpads is sent to the inlet degasser (not shown) and then it is cooled inthe emulsion exchangers (not shown) and mixed with diluent (about 10:1parts bitumen to diluent) provided from a storage/mixer vessel (18).After emulsion is cooled, it is sent to a free water knockout (FWKO)vessel (12). This FWKO is configured as a long, horizontal vessel (12)that separates free water from degassed crude oil and crude oil-wateremulsions, due to the differences in the densities of these mediums.Diluent is added upstream of the FWKO vessel to reduce the bitumendensity and facilitate the separation from water. As the liquid entersthe vessel the design residence time allows a large portion of the waterto separate from the crude, collecting in the lower portion of thevessel. The captured water is pumped away for de-oiling and recycling.

The effluent from the FWKO vessel (12) is routed to the partialupgrading apparatus of the present invention, where the heavy oil is atleast partially upgraded. In this upgrading portion of the apparatuswhich includes a thermal nozzle dedicated to an upgrading reactor (notshown), the oil or hydrocarbon emulsion is atomized forming smalldroplets that are exposed to a high temperature environment. The smalldroplets in the hot gas are heated to high temperatures very quickly andvaporize at least partly. The oil vapor enters the high temperature gasphase and initiates oil upgrading reactions by cracking heavierhydrocarbons to lighter ones. The hot steam also contains free radicalsthat can interact chemically with the oil and also contribute to oilupgrading reactions. Finally shear stresses introduced by the highvelocity jet may also contribute to upgrading reactions. The upgradingreactions are temperature dependent and the small oil droplets furtherevaporate due to heat transfer from the hot gas which helps to controlthe reactor temperature. The evaporation eventually causes thetemperature to drop below the temperature necessary for upgradingreactions. This aids to minimize the formation of unwanted products likecoke and gas. By controlling the steam temperature and the steam to oilratio the extent of upgrading can be controlled. It is desirable tolimit the upgrading so that the diluent needed for final pipelinetransport is reduced by 5-70%. The upgrading can increase the oil APIgravity which increases the value of the oil as lighter oils have ahigher price in the marketplace because they require less intensiverefining operation to extract marketable fuels from them.

The partially upgraded oil/water emulsion is then routed back to the oiltreaters (16) that are used to separate the majority of the remainingwater from the oil. The oil from the treaters (16) is cooled in a seriesof exchangers designed to cool the oil in order to minimize diluentflashing in the sales oil tanks. Higher temperatures can increase theamount of diluent lost to the fuel gas system. The oil product leavingthe treaters is stored in the oil tanks from which the product is soldinto the marketplace.

The partial upgrading apparatus of the present invention is integratedinto the bitumen extraction process in multiple ways. In the exemplaryembodiment of FIG. 1, the partial upgrader (14) is inserted downstreamof the FWKO vessel (12), and upstream of the oil treater (16).Alternatively the partial upgrader can be inserted downstream of the oiltreater.

With reference to FIG. 2, the reactor portion of the integrated systemis explained. The oil/hydrocarbon emulsion, which may, for example,contain about 10% diluent and about 10% by volume water, is routed fromthe FWKO vessel (shown in FIG. 1) to a reactor through a thermal nozzleoperating as an oxyfuel combustion process. More specifically, thereactor has a hot gas injector (20) and a contact vessel (22) where aviscous liquid is atomized by the hot gas. The hot gas injector is influid communication with the contacting vessel. The oil is introduced inthe contact vessel from nozzle (27) separately from the hot gas but veryclose to where the hot gas enters the contacting vessel. The hot gas isformed by introducing fuel, oxygen and steam from flow paths (24), (25)and (26), respectively. The fuel and oxygen ratio is close tostoichiometric to ensure complete oxygen combustion. The fuel and oxygencombust and the combustion products are mixed with the steam forming thehot gas that exits the injector (20) from nozzle (27). The contactvessel has two zones. In the first zone the hot gas atomizes a viscousliquid like heavy oil which is heated quickly to a temperature wellabove that necessary to initiate upgrading reactions. Throughatomization, small droplets of liquid are formed, which are entrained inthe hot gas stream and at least partially evaporate. The oil dropletsretain a lower temperature of the hot gas that is limited by the boilingtemperature of the evaporating oil. It is expected the lower boilingpoint hydrocarbons will evaporate first. It is more beneficial that theoil contains low amounts of diluent and water as those components willevaporate first consuming heat and reducing the heat available forupgrading reactions. The oil vapor entering the hot gas is exposedimmediately to temperatures, shear forces and free radicals thatfacilitate upgrading reactions. In the second zone further oil dropletevaporation lowers the temperature and reduces the rate of formation ofcracked products. The short residence time in the first zone and thequick cooling in the second zone reduce the amount of coke and gas thatis produced. The two zones are part of the same vessel and it isdifficult to distinguish them but the residence time in the first zoneis preferable under 30 sec and more preferable under 5 sec and theresidence time in the second zone is preferable under 1 minute and morepreferably less than 30 sec. The temperature at the reactor exit ispreferable below 540° C. and more preferably below 482° C. The reactorexit temperature will be also determined by the desired degree ofupgrading. Higher temperatures will result in a higher degree ofupgrading. Reactor exit temperatures in excess of 540° C. will lead torapid coke formation and are undesirable. The reactor exit temperatureis controlled by the ratio of the hot gas to the oil and the initialtemperature of the hot gas and the oil. Adjusting the hot gastemperature the oil temperature and the hot gas to oil ratio to achievethe desirable reactor exit temperature also determines the degree ofupgrading. Since the oil quality is not the same it can be easilyunderstood by those skilled in the art that the degree of upgrading willbe adjusted according to the initial oil quality.

The hot gas can be produced in a variety of ways including heatexchange, resistance heating and by a combustion process. The hot gascan be steam, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, syngas, or othersuitable gas or mixture of gases. The hot gas is produced preferably bya combustion process where oxygen is combusted with a fuel at a ratioclose to stoichiometric for complete combustion. The preferred fuel isnatural gas but other gaseous or liquid fuels can be used as wellincluding bitumen and fuel gas by-product from the upgrading process.The ratio of the hot gas to the combustion gases determines thetemperature of the hot gas. High temperatures are desirable for threereasons. First, the hot gas is expanded through a converging/divergingthermal nozzle (27) and higher gas temperatures result in highervelocities which in turn result in smaller droplets as explained in U.S.Pat. No. 6,565,019 B2, which is incorporated herein by reference. Secondhigher temperatures reduce the ratio of gas to oil necessary to bringthe oil to upgrading temperatures quickly. The third reason is that freeradical concentrations from steam and combustion products increase astemperature increases and free radicals could play a role in upgradingreactions. Desirable hot gas temperatures are between 1000-2200° C. andmore preferable between 1370-1925° C.

An additional design requirement is proper contact of the hot gas withthe liquid. This is necessary to ensure that the liquid is entrained inthe hot gas and droplets with small and narrow diameter distribution areformed. If that is not the case then the oil will be exposed to unevenconditions and some of it will be overheated while the rest will beunder heated. The overheated oil will produce unwanted by-products likegas and coke and the under heated will not produce upgraded products. Itis desirable to introduce the oil in close proximity to the hot gas. Forexample, the hot gas can be introduced around the oil or the oil aroundthe hot gas in a co-flow formation. Alternatively the oil can beintroduced at an angle through a nozzle or nozzles surrounding and inclose proximity to the hot gas nozzle.

As shown in FIG. 3, a thermal nozzle (30) is employed, and the oxyfuelcombustion process is explained. Nozzle (30) employs very hot steam totreat the heavy oil/bitumen so that it is partially upgraded to aproduct with a lower viscosity that is suitable for pipeline transportwith low/no diluent addition. The hot steam is produced by the modifiedthermal nozzle where an oxyfuel combustion process heats the steam to atemperature of 1000-2200° C. The hot steam gas is expanded through aconverging diverging nozzle forming a sonic/supersonic superheatedturbulent steam jet which immediately comes into contact with the liquidbitumen. The hot jet entrains the bitumen in the form of small liquiddroplets. The liquids droplets in the hot stream are heated very quicklyand oil evaporates entering the high temperature gas environment. Whilenot wanting to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed thatthe large hydrocarbon molecules evaporating from the liquid dropletscrack to smaller molecules by three possible mechanisms 1) the heat fromthe hot steam, 2) OH— radicals in the hot steam and 3) the shear forcesgenerated by the hot gas jet. As the cracking occurs at least part ofthe remaining droplets vaporize which lowers the reactor temperature andin time stop the cracking reactions. The evaporated hydrocarbons areexposed to cracking temperatures for very short time which prevents theformation of coke and gaseous products that decrease the value of theoil. The majority of the asphaltenes and resins contained in the oil maynever enter the gas stream and will remain at cooler droplettemperatures for the duration of the time in the reactor which willfurther minimize coke formation.

In the embodiment of FIG. 3, thermal nozzle (30) is configured with acentral conduit which extends through the combustion chamber (35) to theouter perimeter thereof. At least one fuel line is disposed around thecentral conduit and leading into an inner section of the combustionchamber. As discussed above, the fuels can be any number of hydrocarbonbased fuels including, for example, natural gas. At least two oxygenlines (35, 36) are disposed around the fuel line (38) and is coextensivewith the fuel line into the combustion chamber (35) where anoxycombustion process takes place. At least two hot gas lines (33, 34)are provided, where a first hot gas line (33) is disposed annularlybetween an inner most oxygen line (36) and the central conduit (32) anda second hot gas line (34) is disposed between the outer most oxygenline (35) and the combustion chamber (34) thereby forming a bufferprotecting the inner central conduit (32) and the combustion chamber(34). A converging/diverging nozzle (39) located at the distal end ofthe combustion chamber (35) is utilized for contacting and atomizing thehydrocarbon emulsion or dilbit.

Turning to FIG. 4, another exemplary embodiment of the thermal nozzle(40) that may be employed in the integrated system of the presentinvention is shown. Like the embodiment of FIG. 3, the nozzle includes acombustion chamber (35) wherein an oxycombustion process is carried outforming a hot gas mixture. The combustion chamber includes a centralconduit (32) for introducing a fuel into the combustion chamber (35). Anoxygen line (36) is annularly disposed around and coextensive in lengthwith the central conduit (32) into the interior of the combustionchamber. A hot gas line (34) is annularly disposed around the oxygenline (36) and coextensive in length therewith. A conduit or sleeve (42)is disposed on the periphery of the combustion chamber (35) to introduceheavy oil/bitumen which is contacted with the hot gas mixture formed inthe combustion chamber (35) and the heavy oil/bitumen is atomized.

FIG. 5 depicts yet another exemplary embodiment of a thermal nozzle (50)having a different configuration. A combustion chamber (35) is providedwhere an oxycombustion process takes place forming a hot oxygen gasmixture. A central conduit (52) introduces a fuel, and an oxygen line(54) disposed around the fuel line coextensively into an inner sectionof the combustion chamber (35). A hot gas line (56) is disposed aroundthe oxygen line (54) and it is likewise coextensive with oxygen line(54) into the combustion chamber (35). As the combustion takes place theexpanding hot gas exits through a convergent/divergent nozzle disposedat the distal end of the combustion chamber at a predetermined velocity.One or more conduits (58) is employed to route the heavy oil to thedivergent section portion of the nozzle, which is located at the outletof the combustion chamber. The heavy oil is contacted with the hotexpanding gas and it entrains and atomizes the heavy oil.

With reference back to FIG. 2A, the reactor having a hot gas injectorand a contact vessel where a viscous liquid is atomized by the hot gas.The contact vessel has two zones. In the first zone the hot gas atomizesa viscous liquid like heavy oil which is heated quickly to a temperaturewell above that necessary to initiate upgrading reactions. In the secondzone oil droplet evaporation lowers the temperature and reduces the rateof formation of cracked products. The short residence time in the firstzone and the quick cooling in the second zone reduce the amount of cokeand gas that is produced. The reactor product which consists primarilyof light hydrocarbons (e.g., reduced viscosity bitumen, some diluent,carbon dioxide, and steam) is further cooled in a heat exchanger (64) incommunication with the reactor to stop upgrading reactions and recoverheat.

The reactor effluent is first cooled to 160° C. in a heat exchanger (64)(i.e., process boiler) generating steam. The produced steam can be usedin the process and any excess can be exported for use at the SAGDfacility. The cooled reactor effluent is routed to a knock out flashdrum (68) that separated the stream in a liquid phase that containsprimarily heavier hydrocarbons bottom portion and a gas phase thatcontains lighter hydrocarbons, water vapor and combustion gases overheadportion. The stream of heavier liquid hydrocarbons 60 is cooled in aglycol exchanger (66) to 38° C. The gas stream 61 from the flash drum(68) is further cooled in a first glycol cooled heat exchanger (72) to48° C. and further cooled in a second propane cooled heat exchanger (74)to 5° C. and then send to a three way separator (76) which produces agas stream 62, a liquid light hydrocarbon stream 63 and a sour waterstream 64. The light hydrocarbon stream 63 is blended with the separatedheavier hydrocarbon stream 65 from glycol exchanger (66). The overheadgases 66 from three way separator (76) can be sent to a fuel header orto an incinerator. The sour water stream 64 from three way separator(76) is sent to the SAGD water treatment facilities. The oil 67 that isproduced by mixing the hydrocarbons 65 and 63 from glycol exchanger (66)and three way separator (76) can be returned to the existing SAGDprocess into oil treater (16), shown in FIG. 1.

Alternatively the reactor effluent can be cooled by other means like oilinjection, diluent injection, water injection or gas injection into thehot reactor effluent. Injecting cooled processed oil is preferred. Thecooled reactor effluent can then be separate into the upgraded oilfraction, sour water fraction and a gas fraction with conventionalseparation facilities such as a three way separator vessel. Thesubstantially water free upgraded oil can be sent back to the treaterfacilities or to storage. The sour water can be sent to a sour watertreatment facility for water recovery and reuse and the gas can be sentto an incinerator or used as fuel in the steam generation facility ofthe heavy oil production facility.

In another embodiment of the present integrated system dilbit fromstorage facilities can be treated with reactor (22). The dilbit maycontain 10-30% diluent which must be removed before the reactor. In thiscase the dilbit is first heated in a heat exchanger to a temperature ofabout 200° C. which is sufficient to evaporate most of the diluent andthen sent to a separator vessel to separate the gaseous diluent from theheavy hydrocarbon liquid. The balance of the process is carried out inthe manner described with reference to FIG. 2A. The gaseous diluent iscooled, condensed and sent back to storage.

The methods described herein can also be applied to upgrade bottom ofthe barrel heavy oil in conventional refineries. Such heavy oil isusually from the atmospheric or vacuum distillation tower bottoms.

The invention is further explained through the following Examples, whichare based on various embodiments of the system, but are in no way to beconstrued as limiting the present invention.

Example 1

In the embodiment of the reactor in FIG. 3 about 45 g/min of bitumenhaving a viscosity of 1752 cSt at 70° C. were send to the reactor. Thebitumen was treated with about 45 gr/min of hot steam that was heated bycombusting 10 liter/min oxygen with 36 liter/min hydrogen. The reactoroperated for four hours. The bitumen from the reactor was cooled andseparated from water and gas. The processed bitumen has a viscosity of670 cSt at 70° C. The reactor operated at an average temperature of 396°C. From the viscosity reduction it was estimated that 16% less diluentwould be required for the processed bitumen than the feed bitumen toreduce the viscosity to 350 cSt at 20° C.

Example 2

In the embodiment of the reactor in FIG. 3 about 60 gr/min of bitumenhaving a viscosity of 1690 cSt at 70° C. were send to the reactor. Thebitumen was treated with about 38.5 gr/min of hot steam that was heatedby combusting 8.8 liter/min oxygen with 30.8 liter/min hydrogen. Thereactor operated for four hours. The bitumen from the reactor was cooledand separated from water and gas. The processed bitumen has a viscosityof 1230 cSt at 70° C. The reactor operated at an average temperature of341° C. From the viscosity reduction it was estimated that 6% lessdiluent would be required for the processed bitumen than the feedbitumen to reduce the viscosity to 350 cSt at 20° C.

While the invention has been described in detail with reference tospecific embodiments thereof, it will become apparent to one skilled inthe art that various changes and modifications can be made, andequivalents employed, without departing from the scope of the appendedclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An integrated system for partially upgrading ahydrocarbon containing heavy oil into a hydrocarbon product, comprising:(a) a reactor with a thermal nozzle operating an oxyfuel combustionprocess producing a hot gas that atomizes a hydrocarbon containing heavyoil and induces upgrading reactions to produce a reactor effluentcontaining a partially upgraded oil, wherein the thermal nozzle isconfigured with a central fuel conduit that extends throughout acombustion chamber to a converging/diverging nozzle, at least one fuelline is disposed around the central fuel conduit, at least two oxygenlines disposed around the fuel line and coextensive thereto to producethe hot gas that automizes the hydrocarbon containing heavy oil; (b) aheat recovery/process boiler for receiving and cooling the partiallyupgraded reactor effluent producing steam; (c) a flash drum forreceiving and separating the reactor effluent into a lighter hydrocarbonand cracked combustion gases portion which is removed overhead from thetop of the flash drum, and a flash drum bottom portion of heavier oilhydrocarbons; (d) at least one heat exchanger to cool the product fromthe top portion of the flush drum; and (e) a treater to receive thecooled flash drum portion and separate it into a gas fraction, a waterfraction and a light hydrocarbon liquid fraction and (4) combining theflash drum bottom portion from step (c) with the light hydrocarbonliquid fraction from step (e) to form a partially upgraded oil product.2. The integrated system of claim 1, further comprising a free waterknock out drum upstream of said reactor.
 3. The integrated system ofclaim 1, where the water removed treater is routed to a steam assistedgravity drainage water treatment facility.
 4. An integrated system forpartially upgrading a hydrocarbon containing heavy oil into ahydrocarbon product, comprising: (a) a free water knock out drumreceiving a hydrocarbon containing heavy oil and removing substantiallyall the freely associated water therefrom; (b) one or more oil treatersreceiving the effluent from the free water knock out drum wherein theremainder of the water is removed; (c) a reactor with a thermal nozzleoperating an oxyfuel combustion process for receiving and atomizing thehydrocarbon effluent from the oil treater into a partially upgradedreactor effluent, wherein the thermal nozzle is configured with acentral fuel conduit that extends throughout a combustion chamber to aconverging/diverging nozzle, at least one fuel line is disposed aroundthe central fuel conduit, at least two oxygen lines disposed around thefuel line and coextensive thereto to produce the hot gas that automizesthe hydrocarbon containing heavy oil; (d) a process boiler for receivingand cooling the partially upgraded reactor effluent; (e) a flash drumfor receiving the partially upgraded reactor effluent from step (d) andseparating the partially upgraded reactor effluent into a lighterhydrocarbon and cracked combustion gases which are removed overhead froma top portion of the flash drum, and a flash drum bottom portion of apartially upgraded hydrocarbon; and (I# combining the flash drum bottomportion from step (c) with the light hydrocarbon liquid fraction fromstep (e) to form a partially upgraded oil product.
 5. The integratedsystem of claim 4, further comprising: a diluent source for providingdiluent upstream of the free water knock out drum or the oil treater. 6.An integrated system for partially upgrading dilbit, comprising: (a)heating dilbit to about 200 C to evaporate diluent and produce apartially evaporated dilbit stream (b) a first flash drum to separatethe partially evaporated dilbit stream into a light hydrocarbon diluentfraction that is removed from the top and a heavy hydrocarbon fractionthat is removed from the bottom (c) a reactor with a thermal nozzleoperating an oxyfuel combustion process for receiving and atomizing thehydrocarbon effluent from the flash drum bottom into a partiallyupgraded reactor effluent, wherein the thermal nozzle is configured witha central fuel conduit that extends throughout a combustion chamber to aconverging/diverging nozzle, at least one fuel line is disposed aroundthe central fuel conduit, at least two oxygen lines disposed around thefuel line and coextensive thereto to produce the hot gas that automizesthe hydrocarbon containing heavy oil; (d) a process boiler for receivingand cooling the partially upgraded reactor effluent; (e) a second flashdrum for receiving the partially upgraded reactor effluent from step (d)and separating the partially upgraded reactor effluent into a lighterhydrocarbon and cracked combustion gases which are removed overhead froma top portion of the flash drum, and a flash drum bottom portion of apartially upgraded hydrocarbon; (f) at least one heat exchanger to coolthe product from the top portion of the second flush drum; (g) a treaterto receive the cooled flash drum portion and separate it into a gasfraction, a water fraction and a light hydrocarbon liquid fraction; and(h) combining the flash drum bottom portion from step (e) with the lighthydrocarbon liquid fraction from step (g) to form a partially upgradedoil product.
 7. The integrated system of claim 6, wherein the partiallyupgraded hydrocarbon product is a bitumen having a viscosity of lessthan 100,000 cSt at 20° C.